It might not surprise you to learn that some mental health conditions can occur in the same person at the same time.
Within psychology and many medical fields, this is called ‘comorbidity’. It’s common to see some conditions – like anxiety and depression – co-occur in individuals struggling with their mental health. Perhaps having anxiety leaves the person unable to engage in activities they used to enjoy, leading to depression. Or, possibly, their depression leaves them with negative thoughts that lead to anxiety. With comorbidity, it’s often difficult to determine what direction the relationship goes – only that it’s there.
But comorbidity isn’t limited to anxiety and depression. If you’re living with ADHD or OCD, or perhaps reading this because you know a loved one with one of these conditions, you might be wondering whether they’re related.
It’s a unique relationship worth considering. Below, we explore what this might look like in more detail, as well as the similarities and differences, and offer guidance on how to get help.
What is the Difference Between OCD and ADHD?
Both obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common but distinct neuropsychiatric disorders. For anyone unfamiliar with these conditions, some characteristics can make them seem quite similar – especially in younger children or adolescents.
“ADHD, an externalising disorder, affects outward behaviour, leading to inattention, impulsivity, and risky actions,” explains Leila Gray, an experienced registered Clinical Psychologist and Clinical Lead with The Banyans. “In contrast, OCD, an internalising disorder, involves turning inward in response to anxiety, with obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours. People with OCD often avoid risks, are highly cautious about consequences, and tend not to seek out more or newer stimulation.”
Leila offers further contextualising for both of these disorders below:
What is OCD?
OCD is a mental health condition characterised by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviours (compulsions).
“These behaviours are often an attempt to relieve the distress caused by the obsessions, but they can significantly interfere with daily life – more than most people realise,” shares Leila. “OCD can manifest in many forms, such as a fear of contamination, a need for symmetry, or intrusive thoughts unrelated to compulsive behaviours.”
Typical symptoms of OCD may include:
- Fixations on their obsessions through acting out compulsions, whether it be cleaning, counting rituals, organising or conducting repetitive checks.
- Intense fear of negative outcomes if compulsions are not acted out.
- Anxiety associated with their obsessions, especially those of a taboo nature.
- An unwillingness to leave their home or engage in daily life in severe cases.
What is ADHD?
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition that typically presents in childhood. ADHD is categorised into three subtypes: primarily inattentive, primarily hyperactive/impulsive, and combined type.
“Many people are familiar with ADHD as we’ve made improvements in diagnosis and understanding in recent years, but it’s important to understand the specific symptoms,” Leila shares. “While ADHD impacts many aspects of daily functioning, it is also often associated with creativity and a high level of energy.”
Some typical symptoms of ADHD may include:
- Difficulty paying attention and focusing on tasks for long periods.
- Trouble finishing or completing tasks/projects.
- Forgetfulness and distractibility.
- Need for movement: individuals may find it hard to stay seated for long periods and/or fidget.
Impulsivity and a tendency to interrupt others.
Are OCD and ADHD Related?
OCD and ADHD are distinct conditions, but they share some similarities and can co-occur. Research indicates that people with ADHD are more likely to experience OCD, as well as other mental health challenges like anxiety and depression.
ADHD and OCD involve atypical activity in the brain’s frontostriatal circuit, which governs cognitive and behavioural functions like attention-shifting, flexibility, habits, and goal-directed actions. Dysfunction in this pathway can impair decision-making, memory, planning, and task-switching abilities.
While research is beginning to offer insights into the neurological and genetic link between OCD and ADHD, more studies are needed to fully understand the relationship.
Is it Common to Be Diagnosed With Both OCD and ADHD?
Dual diagnoses of OCD and ADHD are not uncommon. While ADHD is considered a neurodivergent condition, meaning the brain functions differently from the societal norm, OCD is classified as an anxiety disorder.
“Individuals can exhibit symptoms of both conditions, making diagnosis and treatment more complex,” explains Leila. “For example, someone with ADHD may struggle with attention, while compulsions in OCD might mimic hyperfocus on specific tasks.”
Both conditions can cause significant distress, but their symptoms do tend to manifest differently:
- ADHD often involves impulsivity and a lack of focus, leading to organisation and time management challenges.
- OCD involves an excessive focus on intrusive thoughts, leading to repetitive behaviours intended to alleviate anxiety.
What Are the Behavioural Overlaps Between OCD and ADHD?
Despite their differences, ADHD and OCD share some behavioural overlaps that can complicate diagnosis:
- Anxiety: Both conditions can involve heightened anxiety. In ADHD, this might stem from difficulties meeting deadlines or forgetting important tasks. In OCD, anxiety is rooted in obsessive thoughts and the compulsion to perform rituals.
- Obsessive Interests: Both conditions can manifest in strong interests or obsessions but with crucial distinctions. ADHD tends to involve short-lived, intense projects, while OCD or autism-related traits may involve longer-term, structured interests.
- Difficulty with Transitions: Individuals with either condition may find changes in routine challenging. However, the reasons behind this difficulty differ.
What Are the Behavioural Differences Between OCD and ADHD?
While there are overlaps, the behavioural differences between OCD and ADHD are significant:
- Impulsivity vs. Rigidity: ADHD is often characterised by impulsivity—making quick decisions or acting without thinking. Conversely, OCD involves a rigid need for control, with behaviours performed methodically to relieve distress.
- Symptom Origin: ADHD symptoms originate from difficulty regulating attention and impulses. OCD symptoms stem from intrusive thoughts and the perceived need to neutralise these thoughts through specific actions.
- Age of Onset: ADHD is typically diagnosed in childhood, whereas OCD can develop at any point in life, often in late adolescence or early adulthood.
- Treatment Approaches: ADHD is commonly treated with stimulant medications, which help regulate focus and impulse control. However, these medications are not effective for OCD and may even exacerbate symptoms. OCD treatment focuses on therapy, such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), and sometimes medication, like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
Seeking Help for OCD & ADHD
For individuals or loved ones navigating the challenges of OCD and ADHD, professional support is essential.
At The Banyans, we specialise in helping guests manage complex mental health conditions, including ADHD and OCD comorbidity. Through person-centred care and evidence-based treatments, we empower individuals to regain control over their lives and achieve meaningful change.
If you’re struggling with OCD, ADHD, or both, contact us at The Banyans. Our dedicated team provides personalised programs to support your mental health journey.
Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for general informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
